CPP及CPPM考试策略

Developing Your Strategy for Passing the CPP and CPPM Examinations
如何提高CPP/CPPM的考试策略,以顺利通过考试

LeRoy H. Graw

EdD, DBA, CPP, CPPM, C.P.M., CPCM, CISCM

n       Develop your study strategy in preparing for the Certified Purchasing Professional (CPP) and Certified Professional Purchasing Manger (CPPM) Examinations.

    提高CPP/CPPM的备考技巧

n       Develop study skills and test taking skills.

   提高学习技巧和考试技巧

n       Know and use appropriate study aids.

    了解并正确使用相应学习参考

Study Strategy Choices

n       Take the examination cold冷却对待

n       Cram

   填鸭式

n       Systematic

   系统法

Those who take the CPP/CPPM Examinations cold usually follow one of two approaches那些对CPP/CPPM考试冷却对待的学员通常会采用以下两种方式

n       First, some have taken the practice examination and scored well. These individuals feel that their knowledge base and test taking skills are adequate.第一种通常会做做模拟题并且得分不低.这些人会感觉自己的知识基础和考试技巧都足以通过考试.

n       Second, some take the exam without preparation.  This second approach is used to (hopefully) reduce the total amount of study time. A surprising minority of those taking the exam cold pass the examination.第二种人会不作任何准备就去参加考试.这种方法可能会节省整体学习时间, 但对考试持此种态度的人一般较少通过考试。

Those who take the CPP/CPPM Examinations cold usually follow one of two approaches那些对CPP/CPPM考试冷却对待的学员通常会采用以下两种方式

n       First, some have taken the practice examination and scored well. These individuals feel that their knowledge base and test taking skills are adequate.第一种通常会做做模拟题并且得分不低.这些人会感觉自己的知识基础和考试技巧都足以通过考试.

n       Second, some take the exam without preparation.  This second approach is used to (hopefully) reduce the total amount of study time. A surprising minority of those taking the exam cold pass the examination.第二种人会不作任何准备就去参加考试.这种方法可能会节省整体学习时间, 但对考试持此种态度的人一般较少通过考试。

The second approach, cramming, may be intentional or unintentional.第二种方法, 填鸭式学习,有时是有意识进行的,有时是无意的

n       The individual may delay studying by design or because of events beyond his/her control.学员可能会根据自己的学习计划,也可能是因为其无法控制的因素而将学习推后

n       Study is compressed into a few days.此时学习被压缩在有限的几天里

n       While cramming works for some, it is not as successful as systematic preparation.但比起系统法学习来,填鸭式学习不是一个成功的学习方法

n       A systematic approach may or may not include attendance at a CPP/CPPM Examination Review Course.系统准备可以参加CPP/CPPM复习考试课程的学习,也可以不参加。

n       ACI does these preparation courses onsite as well as online. ACI提供面授及在线的复习课程。

n       This approach always includes a disciplined program of study, self-evaluation, and restudy over a period of months.这种方法通常包括系统的学习安排、自我评估和一段时间后的复习。

n       Although a systematic program maximizes the individual‘s chance of passing the exam, taking the exam cold and cramming can work. 系统方法可以最大限度的提高考试通过率，但冷却对待和填鸭式准备也不是完全没有效果。

A systematic approach to preparing for the CPP and CPPM Examinations can be thought of as five steps. They are:

   考试的系统准备方法可归结为以下五个步骤：

n       Take the Practice Examinations模拟考试

n       Evaluate Your Knowledge Base评估知识基础

n       Focus Your Study Efforts重点突击

n       Retake the Practice Examinations再次模拟

n       Repeat Steps 2 Through 4.重复第二、三步

 

n       Several students in Examination review courses have expressed confusion between what the Examination study materials say and the on-the-job practices.几个参加复习考试课程的学生曾经对学习材料和实践经验之间的悬殊产生过不解。

n       My advice is "When studying for the examination follow suit with what the textbooks and study materials say."我的建议是“在准备考试的时候，要按照教材和学习资料说的来”。

Study Skills. The objectives of study are to develop an overview of the material to be learned, capture that material in your short-term memory, and then move it to your long-term memory. These basics are referred to as S-Q-R-R-R. The following summarize these five points:学习的目标就是对学习资料建立一个全局观念，在短期记忆中捕捉信息，进而将其转移到长期记忆中来。这个基础被称作S-Q-R-R-R模式，以下是对这五点的概括：

n       S: SURVEY or scan the material to get an overview or "map" of the material to be studied.纵览学习资料，获得整体观念

n       Q: QUESTION what are the main concepts? In the case of the CPP Examination, your study of the tasks provide a great deal of insight into the importance of the various concepts.问问自己主要概念有什么？在CPP的考试准备过程中，你将对很多重要概念有深入了解的机会。

n       R:READ and re-read is not the most efficient method of study for most students. Developing outlines, highlighting key concepts, underlining important points, and making notes in page margins all help you to focus on the main concepts and begin to move these concepts into long term memory.对很多学员来说，阅读和重复阅读并不是最有效的方法，勾勒轮廓、突出重要概念，划出重点、在页边空白笔录等等都是帮助你突出重要概念并将其转入长期记忆的重要手段。

n       R:RECITE and/or write down the information, depending on your learning style. This helps you to better move information into long-term memory and then retrieve that information from long-term memory.根据自己的学习风格背诵或者写下信息，这将利于长期记忆和从记忆库中提取信息。

n       R:REVIEW the material. This phase of your study helps you practice and develop your skills at retrieving information from long-term memory.复习资料。这个阶段的学习可以帮助你练习和发展从长期记忆中提取信息的能力。

n       Test taking skills focus on the basics of taking multiple-choice examinations. 考试技巧关键在于如何做好选择题。

n       IF YOU ARE WELL STUDIED you will have the knowledge base to pass the CPP and CPPM Examinations that you have studied. Remember, you do not need to get all questions right. You only have to achieve 60% correct.如果你学习努力，准备充分，就可以很容易通过考试，你不需要把所有问题都答对，正确率在60％就可以通过考试。

n       The majority of questions in the CPP and CPPM Examinations will be “cake” questions that you will be able to answer IF YOU ARE WELL STUDIED. A typical four item multiple choice question will have one correct answer, one distractor (to catch those not well studied or who misread the question), and two incorrect answers. IF YOU ARE WELL STUDIED you will usually find that your first inclination is your best inclination. Be careful about letting your self doubts talk you out of the correct answer. CPP和CPPM考试多数都是“蛋糕”问题，四个选项中包括一个准确答案，一个迷惑选项（那些尽管对考试进行过充分准备但没有认真审题的学员最容易上当），以及两个错误选项。如果准备充分的话，你往往发现你的第一直觉通常就是最佳答案，注意不要因为考虑过甚而丢失正确选项。

n       Read and Understand the Question thoroughly before you look for an answer.  Test writers love to “Rope in the Gullible”. 进行选择之前一定要认真审题并充分理解问题。试题编写者最喜欢“迷惑那些容易上当的人”。

n       Focus on the critical or core words in the questions. 把注意力集中在问题当中的关键词上。

n       Watch for “Red” and “Green” Flag Words like: 小心以下这些表示“错误”或“正确”的信号词：

 

 

n       LAST-IN-FIRST-OUT VS. FIRST-IN-FIRST-OUT.

n       LEARNING CURVE. 学习曲线

n       BREAK-EVEN. 收支平衡

n       LEASE VS. PURCHASE. 租赁对应购买

n       MAKE-OR-BUY 制造或购买

n       EOQ 经济定购量

n       TOTAL ACQUISITION COST. 总体购置成本

n       ETC., ETC. 等等

n       Quickly eliminate obviously wrong answers. 迅速排除明显错误的选项。

n       When you come back, you’re only looking at the right answer and perhaps one other answers. 再次审题的时候，注意力就可以放在剩余选项上了。

n       Odds of answering the question correctly go up with the elimination of one or two clearly incorrect options.

 

n       The CPP and CPPM are a “test of one’s ability to take a test. 从一定程度上说，CPP和CPPM就是在考察你的考试技巧。

n       The CPP and CPPM are “Book Tests”.  Only answers generally found in textbooks matter. CPP和CPPM属于“书本测试”。很多答案就在教材当中出现过。

n       Personal Opinions (unless they are the opinions of your purchasing instructor) matter very little or not at all!个人见解（除非是培训师的意见）在考试当中可不能被过于推崇。

n       Personal experience is fine, especially when it is with several organizations.  Experience in several organizations and both private and public sectors is good preparation! 但当这种个人经验是建立在几个不同机构经验基础之上的时候就领当别论了，对考试来说，这是一个很好的准备！

n       DO NOT answer the question “The way we do it in OUR organization!”  That is quite often the wrong answer! 不要以“我们公司就是操作方式”来回答问题，这样往往会因为偏颇选错答案！

n       Think “Generically”!! 要全面考虑问题！！

n       Obviously easy questions may be just that (don’t fight it!) 过于简单的问题也没有必要试图推翻。

n       Arrive at the exam well rested! Don’t pull an “all-nighter” studying for it the night before.  It won’t pay off! 要保证休息好再参加考试，临时抱佛脚效果可不理想。

 

n       Choose the ONE BEST ANSWER, not necessarily the ONLY RIGHT ANSWER!!  Don’t be surprised if you see more than one right answer!!  Your level of understanding is being evaluated! 要选择最佳答案，而不见得是唯一正确的答案。如果你看到一个以上正确答案，也没有必要觉得奇怪，这时候你的理解能力得到进一步测试！

n       Look for NEGATIVE WORDS in the question and in the answer options!  Watch for them at the end of a printed line.  READ EVERY WORD!!  You must often pick the “One that is NOT” rather than the “One that IS”.  The question may be to choose the ONE WORST ANSWER, so be careful! 对问题和答案中出现的否定性词汇要特别注意！要逐字逐句阅读。有时候题目要求选出的是错误答案而非正确答案。

n       Expect about 25% A’S, B‘S, C’S, AND D’S.  3 consecutive A‘S, B’S, C‘S, or D’S is probably wrong!!  When in doubt---guess!!  You are not penalized for wrong answers!!  You are penalized for failing to answer a question!注意A.B.C.D选项各占25％。连续出现三个A.B.C的时候很有可能是错误的。当出现疑问的时候，猜测也是一个很好的办法。一般答错试题是不会倒扣分的。

n       Normally go with your FIRST CHOICE!.  History is replete with regret over changing from one answer to another! 要跟着第一感觉走！把答案改错的历史教训是数不胜数的。

n       Look for a repeat of a stem key word or phrase in one of the options.  The option with the repeated word or phrase will often be the correct answer! 注意选项中关键词的重复。带有重复关键词的选项往往是正确的选项

n       If you don’t have a clue, pick the longest option available!如果实在没有答题线索的话，选择最长的答案。

n       Look for OPPOSITES—one of the two is probably correct! 注意对立选项，很有可能其中一个是正确的。

n       Come to the test well prepared!  Plan for 3 straight hours of brain dump!  Bring scratch paper, 3 or 4 sharpened pencils and/or mechanical pencils, a calculator, and a thermos of tea or coffee if you desire.  考试之前做好充分准备。对三小时的高强度脑力劳动做好准备。带好草稿纸，三四支削好的铅笔和/或自动笔，一个计算器和一杯热茶或咖啡。

n       Be aware of you best time of day to study. 要了解自己在一天当中的最佳学习时间

n       Consider using waiting time and other nonproductive times to study. 等候时间和其它效率不高的时间的时间也可以考虑使用

n       Find a regular study area where you will waste less time. 找到一个合适的学习场所减少时间浪费

n       Organize your study materials where you can find them with a minimum of lost time.整理组织学习资料，以便用最少的时间对其进行提取

n       Find a study area where you will be alert and reasonably free from distractions. Some prefer a quiet location while others prefer background noise. 找到一个既可以保持清醒又可以远离干扰的学习场所，有些人喜欢安静的地方，有人则恰恰喜欢热闹

n       Pay attention to how you are using your time. 注意如何有效利用时间。

n       Make an agreement with your living mates about study time.跟同住的人达成学习时间协议。

n       Get off the phone and unplug the television. 拔掉电话和电视开关。

n       Learn to say “no” to other people when you study.学习的时候学会对别人说“NO”.

n       Hang a “Do Not Disturb” sign on your door.在门上挂上“请勿打扰”的牌子。

n       Avoid noise distractions. 避免噪音干扰。

n       Notice how others misuse your time. 注意不要让别人滥用你的时间。

When Taking the Examination:考试时：

n       Your time is limited (3 hours for 80 multiple choice questions).时间有限（三小时要完成80道选择题）

n       Know how much time you have to complete the remainder of the exam.  Have a watch or clock with a second hand to keep close track of time. 要知道完成所剩试题需要的时间。注意带上有分针的表，以准确把握时间。

n       Beware of “classroom sabotage.” The hurried question and answer sessions before an examination can undermine your self-confidence. Tune them out. 提防“教室破坏活动”。考试前匆忙的提问和回答过程有降低自信的可能，所以预防这些情况的发生。

n       Answer the easy questions then come back to the harder ones. This improves your performance and builds your self-confidence You may also gain insights or recall information as you answer the questions that you know. 回答问题，先易后难。这可以提高你的考试表现并帮助你建立信心。而且你在回答简单问题的同时很有可能想起一些知识帮助你解答较难的问题。

n       Remember to practice any one of several relaxation techniques to reduce tension during the test. 考试当中可以采用以上任何方式缓解压力。

n       Deep Breathing Exercises consist of taking a deep breath, holding it for a few seconds, and then releasing it. Repeat the technique as many times as necessary. 深呼吸练习。深吸一口气，保持几秒钟后呼出。重复多次。

n       Tense-Relax Exercises are practiced by tightening selected muscles and then relaxing them. For example, make tight fists and then relax them, tighten your leg muscles and then relax them, tighten your arm muscles and then relax them. This technique can be repeated several times with a single muscle group or a combination of muscle groups. 缓解紧张练习还可以通过对肌肉群的控制达到。例如攥紧拳头然后放开，收紧腿部或胳膊肌肉后松开等等。这个技巧可重复作用于一个肌肉组织或多个肌肉群。

n       Mental Imagery is a technique where you close your eyes and imagine a situation beyond the current stressful event, such as a memory block during the CPP Examination. Using this technique, you may be able to mentally move yourself beyond the current event. As you relax, blocked information may emerge from long-term memory. 冥想就是闭上双眼，设想一种远离当前紧张状况的环境。当CPP考试出现记忆阻塞的时候就可以运用这一技巧，而且在放松的状态下，忘记的内容很有可能自己从长期记忆中闪现出来。

n       CPP Study Guide CPP学习指南

n       CPP Practice Examinations (Excellent one in the back of the CPP Study Guide) CPP模拟题（CPP学习指南后附有详细内容）

n       C.P.M. Study Guide (ISM) C.P.M.学习指南（美国供应管理协会ISM)

n       Glossary of Purchasing, Logistics, and Supply Chain Management Terms (available from ACI) 采购、物流和供应链管理词汇（ACI出售）

n       Graw, LeRoy H.  Commercial Contracting: An Introduction, To be Published in China, 2004.  Available from the Author (digital version).《商业合同入门》作者 Graw, LeRoy H. 2004年即将出版，电子版本可从作者处购得。

n       Dobler, Donald W., David N. Burt, and Lamar Lee, Jr. Purchasing and Materials Management: Text and Cases, 6th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990. ISBN 0-07-037089-3 . 《采购与物料管理：文本与案例》，作者Dobler, Donald W., David N. Burt, and Lamar Lee, Jr. ISBN 0-07-037089-3

n       Hough, Harry and James M. Ashley.  Handbook of Buying and

       Purchasing Management.  (1992). ISBN: 0133741907. Available from

       APS or Amazon.com) 《购买与采购管理手册》，作者Hough, Harry and James M. Ashley. ISBN: 0133741907