A. the careless attitude of teenagers toward their parents' work pressure.
B. who should take the lion's share of the housework.
C. the finger-pointing attitude of the parents toward their children.
D. disagreements on each other's behavioral patterns.
62. The parents-children relationship changes from the relative positive to the
relative negative when
A. the children reach 7 or 8 years of age.
B. the children reach 13 or 14 years of age.
C. the parents begin to have too many household responsibilities.
D. the parents begin to feel there is too much burden in the house.
63. Studies conducted during the 1970s on parents-children relationship
indicated that
A. adolescence did not cause as much trouble as clinicians and theorists had
stated.
B. Children's aggressiveness and rebelliousness were growing.
C. Children-parents relationship was declining.
D. teenagers became even more abhorrent of their parents.
64. The author's own discoveries from the day-to-day relationships of parents
and young teenagers indicate that
A. storm and stress between the parents and the teenagers are normal.
B. storm and conflicts are unavoidable.
C. parents can never avoid the conflicts unless they love their children.
D. parents' strictness lead to their children's disapproval of them.
Questions 65-71 are based on the following passage.
Questions of education are frequently discussed as if they bore no relation to
the social system in which and for which the education is carried on. This is one
of the commonest reasons for the unsatisfactoriness of the answers. It is only
within a particular social system that a system of education has any meaning. If
education today seems to deteriorate, if it seems to become more and more chaotic
and meaningless, it is primarily because we have no settled and satisfactory
arrangement of society, and because we have both vague and diverse opinions about
the kind of society we want. Education is a subject which cannot be discussed in a
void: our questions raise other questions, social, economic, financial, political.
And the bearings are on more ultimate problems even than these: to know what we
want in education we must know what we want in general, we must derive our theory
of education from our philosophy of life. The problem turns out to be a religious
problem.
One might almost speak of a "crisis" of education. There are particular
problems for each country, for each civilization, just as there are particular
problems for each parent; but there is also a general problem for the whole of the
civilized world, and for the uncivilized so far as it is being taught by its
civilized superiors; a problem which may be as acute in Japan, in China or in India
as in Britain or Europe or America. The progress (I do not mean extension) of
education for several centuries has been from one aspect a drift, from another
aspect a push; for it has tended to be dominated by the idea of "getting on". The
individual wants more education, not as an aid to acquisition of wisdom but in
order to get on; the nation wants more in order to get the better of other nations,
the class wants to get the better of other classes, or at least to hold its own
against them. Education is associated therefore with technical efficiency on the
one hand, and with rising in society on the other. Education becomes something to
which everybody has a "right", even irrespective of his capacity; and when everyone
gets it - by that time, of course, in a diluted and adulterated form - then we
naturally discover that education is no longer an infallible means of getting on,
and people turn to another fallacy: that of "education for leisure" - without
having revised their notions of "leisure". As soon as this precious motive of
snobbery evaporates, the zest has gone out of education; for it is not going to
mean more money, or more power over others, or a better social position, or at
least a steady and respectable job, few people are going to take the trouble to
acquire education. For deteriorate it as you may, education is still going to
demand a good deal of drudgery. And the majority of people are incapable of
enjoying leisure - that is, unemployment plus an income and a status
responsibility - in any but pretty simple form - such as balls propelled by hand,
by foot, and by engines or tools of various types; in playing cards; or in watching
dogs, horses or other men engage in feats of speed and skill.
65. The commonest discussion on education usually ends with our dissatisfaction
of the answers because
A. the discussions are seemingly facts-related.
B. people usually discuss the issue on too narrow a base.
C. the discussions are usually sidetracked by irrelevant issues.
D. the discussions are of little value educationally and socially.
66. The author suggests that the discussion of the problem of education, if
one wishes it to be fruitful, must
A. not deviate from social evils that play a role in education.
B. combine the issues of education with the issues of social problems.
C. consider the purpose of educating the citizens.
D. consider the whole of the social system which education serves.
67. According to the passage, our education is seemingly going down hill and
becoming a messy business because
A. our society is not properly governed.
B. we can't perfect our society in terms of its organization.
C. our society lacks a common goal and a well-knitted system.
D. the arrangement of our society is not education-oriented.
68. Satisfactory answers to educational issues cannot be found unless
A. the philosophy of life is seriously researched into.
B. we bring into consideration the political and economic significance.
C. the financial and economic issue are considered.
D. we can inclusively consider the general goal of education.
69. The "crisis" of education for the whole world, whatever the nations or
countries, according to the author, results from
A. the misconception of the genuine role of education.
B. the lack of a common goal in the education system.
C. the lack of well-knitted social structures.
D. the incompetence of educators and society governors.
70. According to the author, the target of education should enable people to
A. gain an upper hand over other people.
B. acquire knowledge that may quench their thirst.
C. get leisure and choice rather than knowledge.
D. get wisdom rather than other elements.
71. Which of the following statement is NOT true?
A. Education is closely connected with the social demands.
B. Education deprives people of the political rights.
C. Education has many problems to be solved.
D. People get education because they want to take advantage of other people.
Questions 72-79 are based on the following passage.
Ask most people to list what makes them like someone on first meeting and
they'll tell you personality, intelligence, sense of humor. But they're probably
deceiving themselves. The characteristic that impresses people the most, when
meeting anyone from a job applicant to a blind date, is appearance. And unfair and
unenlightened as it may seem, attractive people are frequently preferred over their
less attractive peers.
Research begun in the early 1970s has shown that not only do good looks
influence such things as choice of friends, lovers, and mates, but that they can
also affect school grades, selection for jobs, and even the outcome of a trial.
Psychologist Ellen Berscheid of the University of Minnesota and psychologist Elaine
Walster, then at the University of Wisconsin, were among the first researchers to
deal with the topic of attractiveness. Their seminal 1974 paper on the subject
showed that the more attractive a person, the more desirable characteristics others
will attribute to him or her. Attractive people are viewed as being happier, more
sensitive, more interesting, warmer, more poised, more sociable, and as having
better character than their less attractive counterparts. Psychologist Karen Dion
of the University of Toronto has dubbed this stereotypical view as: "What is
beautiful is good."
Our current work at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, with
colleagues and students, focuses on the role that appearance plays in judgments
made about people. Our studies have been done in a variety of settings: basic
research laboratories, beauty and cosmetics industry labs, plastic and
reconstructive surgery practices, psychiatric hospitals, and psychotherapeutic
consulting rooms.
One topic that has led to many avenues of research is how attractiveness
influences sex-typing - the tendency of people to attribute certain stereo-typical
qualities to each sex. Besides being perceived as sensitive, kind, interesting, and
generally happy, attractive people tend to fit easily into sexual stereotypes,
according to a study done by Barry Gillen, a social psychologist in our department.
Gillen speculated that attractive people possess two types of "goodness," one
related to and the other unrelated to their sex. To test this hypothesis he showed
a group of students photographs of both men and women of high, moderate, and low
attractiveness, as determined by the previous rankings of students according to a
seven-point scale (contrary to popular belief, researchers usually don't use the Bo
Derek scale of 10). The judges were asked to rate the subjects according to the
masculinity, femininity, and social desirability scales of the Bern Sex Role
Inventory. Gillen's study found that attractive women were perceived as being more
feminine, and that attractive men were viewed as being more masculine than their
less attractive counterparts. This suggests a second stereotype: "What is beautiful
is sex-typed."
One implication of Gillen's work that we wanted to test was whether good looks
are a disadvantage for some people, especially women, in work situations that
conflict with sexual stereotypes. By the late 1970s, there was already a sizable
body of literature documenting the problems women face because of sex-role
stereotypes. We speculated that attractive women might be at a real disadvantage
when they aspire to occupations in which stereotypically masculine traits - such as
being strong, independent, and decisive - are thought to be required for success.
To test that possibility we did a study with Gillen and Steve Burns, a student
in our department, in which professional personnel consultants were hired to rate
a "job applicant's" suitability for six positions. We matched the positions for the
skill required, the prestige offered, and the degree of supervisory independence
allowed. Two jobs were stereotypically masculine (automobile salesperson and
wholesale hardware shipping and receiving clerk), two feminine (telephone operator
and office receptionist) and two were sex-neutral (motel desk clerk and photographic darkroom assistant).
Each of the seventy-two personnel consultants who participated received a
resume package for an individual that contained the typical kinds of information
that a job applicant might submit: academic standing, a list of hobbies and
interests, specific skills and recommendations from teachers and counselors. All of
the resumes were identical with the exception of the name ("John" vs. "Janet"
Williams) and the inclusion of a photograph of the applicant. Photographs showed
either an extremely attractive applicant or an unattractive one, previously judged
on an attractiveness scale.