Text 4
In America alone, tipping is now a $16 billion-a-year industry - all the more
surprising since it is a behavioural oddity. Consumers acting rationally ought not
to pay more than they have to for a given service, Tips, which are voluntary,
above and beyond a service's contracted cost, and delivered afterwards, should
not exist. So why do they? The conventional wisdom is that tips both reward the
efforts of good service and reduce uncomfortable feelings of inequality. The
better the service, the bigger the tip.
A paper analysing data from 2,547 groups dining at 20 different restaurants
shows that the correlation between larger tips and better service was very weak:
only a tiny part of the variability in the size of the tip had anything to do with
the quality of service. Customers who rated a meal as "excellent" still tipped
anywhere between 8% and 37% of the meal price.
Tipping is better explained by culture than by economics. In America, the
custom hasbecome institutionalised: it is regarded as part of the accepted cost
of a service. In a New Yorkrestaurant, failing to tip at least 15% could well mean
abuse from the waiter. Hairdressers canexpect to get 15-20%, the man who delivers
your groceries $2. In Europe, tipping is lesscommon; in many restaurants,
discretionary tipping is being replaced by a standard servicecharge. In many
Asian countries, tipping has never really caught on at all.
How to account for these national differences? Look no further than
psychology.According to Michael Lynn, the Cornell paper's co-author, countries in
which people are moreextrovert, sociable or neurotic tend to tip more. Tipping
relieves anxiety about being served bystrangers: And, says' Mr Lynn, "in America,
where people are outgoing and expressive, tippingis about social approval. If you
tip badly, people think less of you. Tipping well is a chance toshow off."
Icelanders, by contrast, do not usually tip - a measure of their introversion
and lackof neuroses, no doubt.
While such explanations may be crude, the hard truth seems to be that tipping
does notwork. It does not benefit the customer. Nor, in the case of restaurants,
does it actuallyincentivise the waiter, or help the restaurant manager to monitor
and assess his staff. The cry ofstingy tippers that service people should "just
be paid a decent wage" may actually makeeconomic sense.
36. From the text we learn that Americans
[A] are willing to give tips because they love the practice.
[B] like to givetips to service people to help them financially.
[C] are reluctant to give tips, but they still do so.
[D] are giving less and less tips.
37. According to Paragraph 3, we learn that
[A] tips are voluntary in America.
[B] people don't tip in Europe.
[C] tipping is rare in many Asian countries.
[D] tipping is now popular in Iceland.
38. According to Michael Lynn,
[A] nervous people do not usually tip.
[B] A merican people are anxious.
[C] Icelanders don't like to show off.
[D] people will ignore you if you tip bakly.
39. The text indicates that in America
[A] customers tip 8% to 37% of the meal price if a meal was "excellent".
[B] a waiter can abuse a customer if he fails to tip 15%.
[C] the amount of tipping is standardized with different services.
[D] the man who carry groceries for you can expect to get 15-20%.
40. According to the text, the author believes that in America
[A] the better the service, the bigger the tip.
[BI tips can reward the effort of good service.
[C] tips can reduce feelings of inequality.
[D] tips cannot prompt better service.
Part B (20%)
slation shouM be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (主观答题纸).
(41) There are plenty of grim statistics about childhood in the Third World.
showing thatthe journey for survival is long and hard. But in the rich world,
children can suffer from adifferent kind of poverty - of the spirit. For instance,
one Western country alone now sees 14,000 attempted suicides every year by
children under 15, and one child in five needsprofessional psychiatric
counselling.
There are many good things about childhood in the Third World. Take the close
andconstant contact between children and their parents, relatives and neighbours.
In the West, the very nature of work puts distance between adults and children.
(42) But itl most Third World villages mother and father do not go miles away
each day to do abstract work in offices, shuffling paper to make money
mysteriously appear in banks. Instead. the child sees mother an(t father,
relations and neighbours working nearby, and often shares in that work.
A child growing up in this way learns his or her role through participating in
the community's work: helping to dig or build, plant or water, tend to animals or
look after babies - rather than through playing with water and sand in
kindergarten, building with construction toys, keeping pets or playing with dolls.
(43) These children may grow up with a less oppressive limitation of space and
time than their Western counterparts. Set days and times are few and self-
explanatory, determined mostly by the rhythm of the seasons and the different
jobs they bring. (44) A child in the rich world, on the other hand. is provided with a wrist-watch as one of the earliest symbols of ~owing up. so that he or she
can worry, along with their parents about being late for school times, meal times
clinic times, bed times, the times of TV shows..;
Third World children are not usually cooped up indoors, still less in high-
rise apartments.Instead of fenced-off play areas, dangerous roads, 'keep off the
grass' signs and 'don't speak tostrangers', there is often a sense of freedom
to play. (45) Parents can see their children outsiderather than observe them anxiously from ten floors up. And other adults in the community canusually be
counted on to be caring rather than indifferent or threatening.
Of course twelve million children under five still die every year through
malnutrition anddisease. But children in the Third World is not all bad.
Section m Writing (30%)
Teachers often consider some students as good students. What do you think
good studentsare like? Describe the characteristics of good students according
to your own opinion. Provideone or two examples where necessary. You may also
need to use knowledge in education andpsychology to support your argument.
You shouM write 240-280 words. Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2 (主观答题
纸).